According to reports, Ethereum founder Vitalik Buterin published a blog post discussing Ethereum's Layer 1 (L1) and Layer 2 (L2) scaling strategies for 2025 and beyond. Vitalik pointed out that L2 protocols are the core pathway for Ethereum's expansion, with their technology and social collaboration pushing Ethereum closer to "escape velocity"—the point at which sufficient network effects and value accumulation drive its continuous growth. At the same time, Vitalik highlighted two major challenges currently faced: the scale of scaling and the issue of heterogeneity (including standards, interoperability, proof system security, user experience, and economic models). He proposed targeted solutions, including increasing data block capacity, optimizing L2 proof system security, accelerating the advancement of interoperability standards, and reinforcing ETH's core position in the Ethereum economy.